![]() ![]() Persian princes were also taught the basics of the Zoroastrian religion, to be truthful, have self-restraint, and to be courageous. When reaching the age of 7, they learned how to ride and hunt at age 14, they were taught by four teachers of aristocratic stock, who taught them how to be "wise, just, prudent and brave". Cabinet des Médailles, Paris Īccording to the Greek dialogue First Alcibiades, which describes typical upbringing and education of Persian princes they were raised by eunuchs. The " Caylus vase", a quadrilingual alabaster jar with cuneiform and hieroglyphic inscriptions in the name of "Xerxes, the Great King". Darius and Atossa married in 522 BC, and Xerxes was born around 518 BC. Xerxes' mother was Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus. Xerxes' father was Darius the Great ( r. 522–486 BC), the incumbent monarch of the Achaemenid Empire, albeit himself not a member of the family of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the empire. Many Achaemenid-era clay tablets and other reports written in Elamite, Akkadian, Egyptian, and Aramaic are frequently contradictory to the reports of classical authors, i.e. Pierre Briant has accused him of presenting a stereotyped and biased portrayal of the Persians. However, many modern historians agree that Herodotus recorded spurious information. The modern historian Richard Stoneman regards the portrayal of Xerxes as more nuanced and tragic in the work of the contemporary Greek historian Herodotus. ![]() Much of Xerxes' bad reputation is due to propaganda by the Macedonian king Alexander the Great ( r. 336–323 BC), who had him vilified. Xerxes would become a popular name among the rulers of the Achaemenid Empire. The name of Xerxes was known in Akkadian as Ḫi-ši-ʾ-ar-šá and in Aramaic as ḥšyʾrš. Xérxēs ( Ξέρξης) is the Greek and Latin ( Xerxes, Xerses) transliteration of the Old Iranian Xšaya-ṛšā ("ruling over heroes"), which can be seen by the first part xšaya, meaning "ruling", and the second ṛšā, meaning "hero, man". There is nothing close to a consensus, however, as to what historical event provided the basis for the story. Xerxes is identified with the king Ahasuerus in the biblical Book of Esther, which some scholars, including Eduard Schwartz, William Rainey Harper, and Michael V. Xerxes also oversaw the completion of various construction projects at Susa and Persepolis. However, Xerxes successfully crushed revolts in Egypt and Babylon. His forces temporarily overran mainland Greece north of the Isthmus of Corinth until losses at Salamis and Plataea a year later reversed these gains and ended the second invasion decisively. ![]() Xerxes I is notable in Western history for his invasion of Greece in 480 BC. He ruled from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC at the hands of Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard. Like his father, he ruled the empire at its territorial peak. He was the son and successor of Darius the Great ( r. 522–486 BC) and his mother was Atossa, a daughter of Cyrus the Great ( r. 550–530 BC), the founder of the Achaemenid empire. 518 – August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, ruling from 486 to 465 BC. ![]()
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